Quick Summary: Yes, merchant cash advances are legal. However, because MCAs are structured as purchases of future receivables rather than loans, they aren’t subject to state usury laws or the same consumer protections that apply to traditional business funding. This lack of regulation allows for high fees, aggressive collection tactics, and contract terms like confessions of judgment that can leave business owners vulnerable.
As a business owner, borrowing money is often necessary to keep your company running. Sometimes you need extra funds to buy inventory, pay employees, or stay cash flow positive. One financing option that has become popular is the merchant cash advance. MCAs offer fast approval and relaxed credit requirements, but the fees are high, and MCA agreements often include confusing or deceptive language. So, are merchant cash advances legal? Here’s what business owners need to know.
What Is a Merchant Cash Advance?
A merchant cash advance is an advance on your future receivables, not a loan. The MCA provider gives you a lump sum upfront in exchange for a percentage of your future revenue. Originally designed for businesses that process a high volume of credit card transactions, MCAs are now available to almost any business type.
Unlike a traditional bank loan with fixed monthly payments over several years, MCAs have short repayment terms (typically 3-12 months) and collect payments daily or weekly through automatic ACH withdrawals from your business account.
How Do MCA Payments Work?
MCA providers collect repayment in one of two ways:
- Percentage of daily sales: A fixed percentage of your daily credit card transactions or revenue is automatically deducted. Payments fluctuate based on your sales volume.
- Fixed daily/weekly withdrawals: A set amount is withdrawn from your account on a regular schedule, regardless of how much you earn that day.
Instead of interest rates, MCAs use factor rates, typically between 1.2 and 1.5. To calculate your total repayment, multiply the advance amount by the factor rate. For example, a $50,000 advance at a 1.4 factor rate means you repay $70,000 total ($50,000 principal plus $20,000 in fees).
Because of the short repayment terms, the effective annual percentage rate (APR) on an MCA often exceeds 100% and can reach 350% or higher.
Are Merchant Cash Advances Legal?
Yes, merchant cash advances are legal in all 50 states. However, they operate in a regulatory gray area that offers fewer protections for business owners compared to traditional loans.
Because MCAs are structured as purchases of future receivables rather than loans, they aren’t subject to state usury laws that cap interest rates. Instead, they’re governed by the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), which provides far less oversight. This means MCA providers can charge factor rates that translate to triple-digit APRs without violating any laws.
What Regulations Apply to MCAs?
MCA regulation varies by state and is evolving. Here’s what applies as of 2025:
| State | Key MCA Regulations |
|---|---|
| California | Requires disclosure of total dollar cost, APR equivalent, payment frequency, and prepayment policies (SB 1235, effective 2022) |
| New York | Commercial financing disclosure law requires APR-equivalent disclosure for transactions under $2.5 million (effective 2023) |
| Virginia | Requires disclosure of financing amount, payment amounts, and APR equivalent (effective 2022) |
| Utah | Requires clear disclosure of financing terms and costs (effective 2023) |
| Other States | Most states have no MCA-specific regulations; federal proposals pending |
While these disclosure laws improve transparency, they don’t cap rates or restrict aggressive collection practices. Federal regulation of MCAs has been proposed but not enacted.
Why Are MCAs Considered Predatory?
Although legal, many MCA practices are considered predatory because they exploit the lack of regulation to trap business owners in unmanageable debt. Common issues include:
- Confessions of judgment: Many MCA contracts include confessions of judgment clauses that allow lenders to obtain a court judgment against you without notice or a hearing if you default. You lose the ability to defend yourself in court.
- Hidden costs: Factor rates obscure the true cost of borrowing. A 1.4 factor rate sounds modest but can translate to 200%+ APR.
- Daily withdrawals: Automatic daily ACH debits can drain working capital and push struggling businesses into default.
- Personal guarantees: Most MCAs require personal guarantees, putting your personal assets at risk if your business can’t repay.
- No early payoff benefit: Unlike loans, paying off an MCA early doesn’t save money because fees aren’t amortized.
Example: A retail store owner took out a $40,000 MCA to purchase holiday inventory. The 1.45 factor rate meant she owed $58,000 total, with $1,100 withdrawn daily. When January sales slowed, the daily payments left insufficient funds for rent and payroll. Within 60 days, she defaulted, and the MCA provider filed a confession of judgment, freezing her business bank account.
How Do MCAs Compare to Bank Loans?
Understanding the differences between MCAs and traditional bank loans can help you make informed financing decisions:
| Factor | Merchant Cash Advance | Bank Loan |
|---|---|---|
| Legal structure | Purchase of future receivables | Loan with interest |
| Approval criteria | Revenue-based; credit scores less important | Requires good credit and financials |
| Funding speed | 1-3 days | 2-8 weeks |
| Cost (effective APR) | 40%-350%+ | 6%-30% |
| Repayment | Daily/weekly ACH withdrawals | Fixed monthly payments |
| Term length | 3-18 months | 1-10 years |
| Regulation | Minimal (UCC only) | Banking laws, usury caps |
| Early payoff savings | None | Yes (reduced interest) |
If you can qualify for a bank loan or SBA loan, those options will almost always cost less than an MCA. However, many business owners turn to MCAs because they can’t meet traditional lending requirements.
What Should You Do If You’re Struggling With an MCA?
If you’re struggling to repay a merchant cash advance or have already defaulted, speak with an attorney experienced in MCA debt before the situation escalates. An attorney can help you:
- Negotiate a settlement or modified payment plan
- Challenge improper confessions of judgment
- Defend against UCC lien enforcement
- Explore alternatives to taking on more debt
Tayne Law Group has more than 20 years of experience helping business owners resolve MCA debt. We have relationships with MCA providers and their legal teams, and we understand the tactics they use. Call us at (866) 890-7337 for a free, confidential consultation, or fill out our contact form. We help clients nationwide, not just in New York.
Frequently Asked Questions
Yes, MCAs are legal in California. However, California’s SB 1235 (effective 2022) requires MCA providers to disclose the total dollar cost, APR equivalent, number of payments, payment frequency, and prepayment policies. This makes it easier to compare MCA costs to other financing options.
MCAs are often considered predatory due to their high costs, lack of transparency, and aggressive contract terms. Common predatory practices include using factor rates that obscure the true APR, requiring confessions of judgment that waive your right to defend yourself in court, and imposing daily payments that strain cash flow.
Possibly. Since MCAs aren’t loans, there’s no interest to deduct. However, the fees you pay (the difference between your advance and total repayment) may be deductible as a business expense. Consult a tax professional to determine your eligibility based on your specific MCA contract terms.
No. Failure to repay an MCA is a civil matter, not a criminal one. You cannot be arrested or jailed for defaulting on business debt. However, the MCA provider can sue you, obtain a judgment, and attempt to collect through wage garnishment, bank levies, or asset seizure if you signed a personal guarantee.
MCAs are structured as purchases of future receivables rather than loans, which exempts them from banking regulations and state usury laws. This legal distinction allows MCA providers to charge rates that would be illegal for traditional lenders. Some states have begun requiring disclosures, but federal regulation remains limited.
